Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution Class 9

1. The Age of Social Change

• French Revolution (1789) inspired ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity.
• New political ideologies emerged:
• Liberals: Wanted constitutional monarchy, individual rights, and religious tolerance.
• Radicals: Favored democracy and rights for all men, including the poor.
• Conservatives: Accepted gradual change but valued tradition.

1. The Age of Social Change – Explained

🇫🇷 French Revolution (1789) – The Spark

• The French Revolution overthrew monarchy and emphasized ideas like:

• Liberty – freedom from oppression and arbitrary rule.
• Equality – all citizens are equal before the law.
• Fraternity – unity and brotherhood among all people.

• These values inspired people across Europe to question their own governments and demand reforms.

Emergence of Political Ideologies

After the revolution, thinkers and political groups developed different visions for society:

Liberals

• Supported constitutional monarchy (king’s powers limited by a constitution).
• Believed in freedom of speech, religion, and press.
• Emphasized individual rights and the rule of law.
• Wanted voting rights—but often only for educated, property-owning men.

Radicals

• Believed in universal adult male suffrage (voting rights for all men).
• Wanted republics instead of monarchies.

• Supported:

• Rights for the working class and poor.
• Equality of opportunity regardless of wealth.

• Criticized social and economic inequality.

Conservatives

• Wanted to preserve traditional institutions like monarchy and church.
• Feared revolutions would lead to disorder and violence.
• Supported gradual change, not sudden reform.
In Summary:
• This period was filled with debate about how societies should be governed.
• The legacy of the French Revolution pushed Europe into a new era of intellectual awakening, sparking political movements and social reform efforts throughout the 19th century.

2. Industrial Society and Social Change

• Industrial Revolution led to urbanization, poor working conditions, and inequality.
• Liberals and radicals demanded reforms to improve workers’ lives.
• Socialists emerged, criticizing private property and capitalism.

2. Industrial Society and Social Change – Explained

What was the Industrial Revolution?

• A major shift from manual production to machine-based manufacturing, starting in Britain in the 18th century.
• It introduced factories, mass production, and new technologies like the steam engine.
• This revolution spread to Europe and transformed economies, societies, and lifestyles.

Urbanization and Poor Working Conditions

• People migrated from villages to towns for factory jobs—this led to overcrowded cities.

• Living conditions in urban slums were:

• Cramped and unsanitary.
• Lacked clean water and proper drainage.

• Factory workers faced:

• Long hours (12–16 hours a day).
• Low wages.
• No job security or safety measures.

• Women and children were often employed in harsh conditions for even lower pay.

Liberal and Radical Responses

• These groups noticed the growing injustice and wanted reforms:

• Liberals:

• Pushed for better laws and limited government control, but believed the economy should remain capitalist.
• Wanted reforms like education for the poor and limited voting rights.

• Radicals:
• Strongly opposed the exploitation of workers.
• Demanded equal rights, universal suffrage, and better labor conditions.
• Some even supported the idea of changing the entire system.

Emergence of Socialism

• Socialists saw that industrial capitalism created deep inequality.
• Believed that private ownership of factories and land led to the rich becoming richer at the workers’ expense.
• Advocated for:
• Collective ownership of resources (by workers or the state).
• Fair distribution of wealth and power.
• An egalitarian society with no class divisions.

Thinkers like Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels believed that the only way to end exploitation was through a workers’ revolution and the creation of a classless society.

Why This Matters:

• These tensions laid the groundwork for revolutionary ideas that would later explode in Russia (1917) and influence world history throughout the 20th century.
• It also inspired early labor unions, social reforms, and political movements across Europe and beyond.

3. The Rise of Socialism in Europe

• Socialism: Advocated for collective ownership of property and means of production.
• Key thinkers:
• Robert Owen: Built cooperative communities (e.g., New Harmony in the USA).
• Louis Blanc: Urged government support for cooperatives.
• Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels:
• Believed capitalism exploited workers.
• Advocated for a classless, communist society.
• Published The Communist Manifesto (1848)

3. The Rise of Socialism in Europe –Explained

• What is Socialism?

• Socialism is a socio-economic ideology that:
• Opposes private ownership of the means of production (factories, land, resources).
• Believes in collective ownership—either by the community or state.
• Aims to create a society where wealth and power are equally distributed.
• It emerged as a response to the inequality and exploitation caused by industrial capitalism.

Key Thinkers and Their Contributions

Robert Owen (1771–1858) – The Utopian Socialist

• A British industrialist and social reformer.
• Believed that the environment shapes human behavior, so a better society needs better working and living conditions.
• Built model cooperative communities:
• Example: New Harmony in Indiana, USA— a planned community with shared responsibilities and education.
• Focused on improving the lives of workers without political revolution.

Louis Blanc (1811–1882) – Government for the People

• A French socialist and journalist.
• Believed that the state must actively intervene in the economy to protect workers.
• Proposed “Social Workshops”:
• Industries run by workers with government funding.
• Goal: Ensure employment and dignity for the poor.
• Argued that a democratic government should guarantee the right to work.

Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels – Scientific Socialists

• Co-authors of The Communist Manifesto (1848), a revolutionary document.
• Their core beliefs:
• Capitalism is inherently exploitative, dividing society into:
• Bourgeoisie – wealthy owners.
• Proletariat – working class.
• History is shaped by class struggle.
• The proletariat must overthrow capitalism through revolution.
• This would lead to:
• A classless society.
• The end of exploitation.
• A communist system where wealth is shared.

Impact on Europe

• These thinkers inspired socialist movements across the continent.
• Socialist ideas spread through:
• Newspapers, pamphlets, and meetings.
• Formation of workers’ associations and political parties.
• Paved the way for events like the Russian Revolution, labor reforms, and global debates on capitalism vs. socialism.

4. Spread of Socialist Ideas

• By the 1870s, socialism spread across Europe.
• Second International (1889): Coordinated socialist movements globally.
• Workers’ associations and socialist parties formed in Germany, Britain, and France.

🇷🇺 5. Russia Before the Revolution

• Ruled by Tsar Nicholas II—an autocrat with absolute power.

• Society:

• 85% were peasants, many landless and poor.
• Industrial workers faced long hours and low wages.

• Political parties were banned before 1914.
• Socialist Revolutionary Party and Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) emerged underground.

4. Spread of Socialist Ideas – Explained

By the 1870s:

• Socialism became more organized as a political force.
• Spread quickly across industrializing nations, especially in Western and Central Europe.
• Workers facing tough factory conditions were drawn to socialist promises of justice, equality, and dignity.

Second International (1889):

• A global association of socialist parties and trade unions.
• Formed to coordinate efforts internationally—to unite socialists across different countries.

• Focused on:

• Promoting workers’ rights.
• Campaigning for the 8-hour workday.
• Celebrating May Day as International Workers’ Day.

• It showed socialism wasn’t just local anymore—it was a global movement.

Socialist Parties and Workers’ Associations:

• Germany: Social Democratic Party (SPD) became one of the strongest socialist parties in Europe.
• Britain: Labour Party grew out of trade unions and socialist movements.
• France: Socialist parties merged and gained political influence, often entering Parliament.
• These parties:
• Demanded better wages and working hours.
• Pushed for political participation for workers.
• Introduced laws protecting labor and health.

🇷🇺 5. Russia Before the Revolution – Explained

Tsar Nicholas II: The Absolute Monarch

• Reigned from 1894 to 1917.
• Ruled with complete authority—no constitution, no Parliament with real power.
• Criticism was suppressed, and censorship was widespread.
• His government was deeply disconnected from the everyday struggles of the people.

Russian Society Before 1917:

• 85% were peasants:

• Many were landless or deeply in debt.
• Lived in poverty under harsh landlords.

• Industrial workers:
• Worked in growing cities like Petrograd and Moscow.
• Faced extreme exploitation:
• Long hours, poor safety, low wages.
• Strikes were frequent but brutally crushed.
No Political Freedom:
• Political parties were banned.
• The secret police (Okhrana) kept close watch on any revolutionary activity.

Underground Movements:

Despite bans, revolutionary ideas spread through secret societies:

• Socialist Revolutionary Party (SRs):

• Represented peasants and focused on land redistribution.
• Believed in using revolutionary violence to overthrow the Tsar.

• Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP):
• Inspired by Marxism, focused on industrial workers.
• Split into two factions in 1903:
• Bolsheviks (led by Lenin): Believed in a disciplined party leading a revolution.
• Mensheviks: Favored a more gradual, democratic path to socialism.

Quick Recap: By the early 1900s, socialist ideas were gaining power both across Europe and inside Russia, setting the stage for revolutions that would reshape the world

4. Spread of Socialist Ideas – Explained

By the 1870s:

• Socialism became more organized as a political force.
• Spread quickly across industrializing nations, especially in Western and Central Europe.
• Workers facing tough factory conditions were drawn to socialist promises of justice, equality, and dignity.
• Second International (1889):
• A global association of socialist parties and trade unions.
• Formed to coordinate efforts internationally—to unite socialists across different countries.

• Focused on:

• Promoting workers’ rights.
• Campaigning for the 8-hour workday.
• Celebrating May Day as International Workers’ Day.

• It showed socialism wasn’t just local anymore—it was a global movement.

Socialist Parties and Workers’ Associations:

• Germany: Social Democratic Party (SPD) became one of the strongest socialist parties in Europe.
• Britain: Labour Party grew out of trade unions and socialist movements.
• France: Socialist parties merged and gained political influence, often entering Parliament.
• These parties:
• Demanded better wages and working hours.
• Pushed for political participation for workers.
• Introduced laws protecting labor and health.

🇷🇺 5. Russia Before the Revolution – Explained

Tsar Nicholas II: The Absolute Monarch

• Reigned from 1894 to 1917.
• Ruled with complete authority—no constitution, no Parliament with real power.
• Criticism was suppressed, and censorship was widespread.
• His government was deeply disconnected from the everyday struggles of the people.
Russian Society Before 1917:

• 85% were peasants:

• Many were landless or deeply in debt.
• Lived in poverty under harsh landlords.

• Industrial workers:
• Worked in growing cities like Petrograd and Moscow.
• Faced extreme exploitation:
• Long hours, poor safety, low wages.
• Strikes were frequent but brutally crushed.
No Political Freedom:
• Political parties were banned.
• The secret police (Okhrana) kept close watch on any revolutionary activity.\

Underground Movements:

Despite bans, revolutionary ideas spread through secret societies:

• Socialist Revolutionary Party (SRs):

• Represented peasants and focused on land redistribution.
• Believed in using revolutionary violence to overthrow the Tsar.

• Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP):

• Inspired by Marxism, focused on industrial workers.
• Split into two factions in 1903:
• Bolsheviks (led by Lenin): Believed in a disciplined party leading a revolution.
• Mensheviks: Favored a more gradual, democratic path to socialism.

Quick Recap: By the early 1900s, socialist ideas were gaining power both across Europe and inside Russia, setting the stage for revolutions that would reshape the world.

6. The 1905 Revolution

• Triggered by Bloody Sunday (Jan 1905): Peaceful protestors shot by Tsar’s troops.
• Demands: Better wages, working hours, and a constitution.
• Result: Tsar created the Duma (Parliament), but retained real power.

• 6. The 1905 Revolution – Explained

• Bloody Sunday (January 22, 1905) – The Trigger

• Thousands of workers, led by a priest named Father Gapon, peacefully marched to the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg.
• Their intention: present a petition to Tsar Nicholas II, asking for:
• Better working conditions
• Higher wages
• An elected assembly (constitution)
• The Tsar wasn’t present—but his soldiers opened fire on the unarmed crowd.
• Hundreds were killed or wounded.
• This shattered the myth that the Tsar was the “Little Father” who cared for his people. Instead, he was now seen as a tyrant.

• Nationwide Unrest

• After Bloody Sunday, anger exploded across the country:
• Strikes spread to factories, railways, and universities.
• Peasants burned landlords’ estates, demanding land.
• In the army and navy, mutinies broke out (notably the Potemkin Mutiny).
• Ethnic minorities in the Russian Empire also protested harsh Russification policies.

• Key Demands

• Workers and revolutionaries pushed for:
• Shorter work hours (8-hour day).
• Better wages and safety standards.
• Freedom of speech and press.
• The creation of a constitution to limit Tsarist power.

Tsar’s Response: The October Manifesto

• Under pressure, Tsar Nicholas II issued the October Manifesto:
• Promised civil liberties (speech, press, assembly).
• Agreed to create an elected legislature called the Duma.
• However, in practice:
• The Duma had little real power.
• The Tsar retained control over the military, foreign policy, and key decisions.
• He later dissolved the Duma multiple times if it didn’t follow his wishes.

• Why It Mattered

• Though not a full revolution, 1905 was a dress rehearsal for 1917.
• It exposed the Tsar’s vulnerability.
• It mobilized workers and intellectuals, helping revolutionary groups grow stronger and more organized.

6. The 1905 Revolution – Explained

Bloody Sunday (January 22, 1905) – The Trigger

• Thousands of workers, led by a priest named Father Gapon, peacefully marched to the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg.
• Their intention: present a petition to Tsar Nicholas II, asking for:

• Better working conditions
• Higher wages
• An elected assembly (constitution)

• The Tsar wasn’t present—but his soldiers opened fire on the unarmed crowd.
• Hundreds were killed or wounded.

This shattered the myth that the Tsar was the “Little Father” who cared for his people. Instead, he was now seen as a tyrant.

Nationwide Unrest

• After Bloody Sunday, anger exploded across the country:
• Strikes spread to factories, railways, and universities.
• Peasants burned landlords’ estates, demanding land.
• In the army and navy, mutinies broke out (notably the Potemkin Mutiny).
• Ethnic minorities in the Russian Empire also protested harsh Russification policies.

Key Demands

• Workers and revolutionaries pushed for:
• Shorter work hours (8-hour day).
• Better wages and safety standards.
• Freedom of speech and press.
• The creation of a constitution to limit Tsarist power.

Tsar’s Response: The October Manifesto

• Under pressure, Tsar Nicholas II issued the October Manifesto:

• Promised civil liberties (speech, press, assembly).
• Agreed to create an elected legislature called the Duma.

• However, in practice:
• The Duma had little real power.
• The Tsar retained control over the military, foreign policy, and key decisions.
• He later dissolved the Duma multiple times if it didn’t follow his wishes.

Why It Mattered

• Though not a full revolution, 1905 was a dress rehearsal for 1917.
• It exposed the Tsar’s vulnerability.
• It mobilized workers and intellectuals, helping revolutionary groups grow stronger and more organized.

7. Impact of World War I

– Russia joined the war in 1914—suffered heavy losses.
– Economic crisis: Food shortages, inflation, and military defeats.
– Public discontent grew; soldiers and workers began to revolt.

7. Impact of World War I – Explained

Russia Joins the War (1914)

• Russia entered WWI to support Serbia and counter Germany and Austria-Hungary.
• The Russian army was poorly trained, badly equipped, and lacked proper leadership.
• Result:
• Millions of Russian soldiers were killed, wounded, or taken prisoner.
• Low morale spread across the army— many soldiers felt like cannon fodder.

Economic Crisis at Home

War pushed Russia’s economy over the edge:

• Massive military spending → Drained national resources.
• Railways prioritized troops, not food or coal → Severe shortages in cities.
• Inflation skyrocketed → Basic goods became unaffordable.
• Factories closed → Jobs lost, wages dropped.
• Peasants and workers faced hunger, cold, and hardship.

Growing Public Discontent

The pain wasn’t just physical—it was political:

• People blamed the Tsarist regime for the disaster.
• Tsar Nicholas II took personal command of the army in 1915—so every defeat directly damaged his image.
• At home, his wife Tsarina Alexandra (of German origin) and mystic Rasputin stirred suspicion and scandal.

Soldiers and Workers Begin to Revolt

• Soldiers at the front began deserting in large numbers.
• In cities like Petrograd, workers:

• Went on strikes.
• Looted shops.
• Chanted “Down with the Tsar!”

• Even middle-class professionals and army officers lost faith in the monarchy.

Historical Significance

• WWI didn’t cause the revolution directly—but it accelerated it dramatically.
• It exposed the Tsar’s incompetence, intensified economic hardship, and united diverse groups in opposition.
• This set the stage for the February Revolution of 1917, which ended Tsarist rule forever.

8. The February Revolution (1917)

• Strikes and protests in Petrograd (now St. Petersburg).
• Workers and soldiers formed the Petrograd Soviet.
• Tsar Nicholas II abdicated on March 2, 1917.
• A Provisional Government was formed, but it failed to end the war or address land reforms.

8. The February Revolution (1917) – Explained

Backdrop: A Nation in Crisis

• It’s February 1917 (March, by modern calendar), and Russia is frozen—literally and figuratively.
• World War I has drained the country:
• Food and fuel shortages are unbearable.
• Prices have soared.
• Workers are starving, and soldiers are exhausted.

Strikes and Protests in Petrograd

• Petrograd (formerly St. Petersburg) becomes the epicenter of unrest.
• Workers from factories walk out demanding:
• Bread
• Better wages
• End of war
• As strikes spread, women workers take the lead on International Women’s Day (Feb 23), triggering mass demonstrations.

What started as bread riots turned into a full-scale revolution within days.

• Petrograd Soviet Formed

• Workers and soldiers organize themselves into councils called Soviets.
• The Petrograd Soviet becomes extremely influential—representing the voice of the common people and soldiers.
• Soldiers—many of whom had already mutinied—refuse to fire on protestors, and instead join the uprising.

• Abdication of Tsar Nicholas II

• Facing chaos, desertions, and loss of control, the Tsar abdicates on March 2, 1917.
• The 300-year-old Romanov dynasty ends.
• The revolution is almost bloodless, but its impact is seismic.

Formation of the Provisional Government

• A temporary government, led by middleclass leaders (like Alexander Kerensky), takes charge.
• Their goals:
• Stabilize the nation.
• Organize elections for a Constituent Assembly.
• Continue Russia’s participation in WWI.
• Delay land reforms.
• But They Failed
• The Provisional Government made no major land redistribution to peasants.
• It continued Russia’s involvement in WWI, which was deeply unpopular.
• They shared power with the Petrograd Soviet, leading to confusion and inaction—this is called dual power.

9. The October Revolution (1917)

• Led by Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks.
• Slogans: “Peace, Land, and Bread” and “All Power to the Soviets”.
• Bolsheviks overthrew the Provisional Government on October 25, 1917.
• Established a communist government.

9. The October Revolution (1917) – Explained

Who Led It?

• The revolution was led by Vladimir Lenin and his party, the Bolsheviks.
• The Bolsheviks were:
• A radical faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP).
• Believed in a disciplined, centralized party to guide workers’ revolution.
• Inspired by Marxist ideology.

Revolutionary Slogans

• Two powerful slogans captured public sentiment:

“Peace, Land, and Bread”

• Peace: End Russia’s participation in WWI.
• Land: Redistribute land from nobles to peasants.
• Bread: Solve hunger and economic crisis.

• “All Power to the Soviets”:
• Called for transferring power from the Provisional Government to workers’ councils (Soviets).

These simple slogans united soldiers, workers, and peasants under one revolutionary cause.

How Did It Happen?

• On the night of October 25, 1917 (Julian calendar; November 7 by modern calendar):
• Bolshevik Red Guards, supported by workers and some army units, seized key government buildings in Petrograd.
• Winter Palace (the seat of the Provisional Government) was stormed—though with little resistance.
• The Provisional Government collapsed, and most of its leaders were arrested.

Outcome: A Communist Government

• Lenin declared Russia a Soviet Republic.
• The new government:

• Passed Decrees on Peace and Land immediately:
• Withdrew from WWI (leading to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1918).
• Redistributed land to peasants.
• Banks, factories, and transport were nationalized.
• Created the Council of People’s Commissars to govern.

• The Bolsheviks renamed themselves the Communist Party

Why It Was Revolutionary

• For the first time in history, a Marxist-inspired party seized state power and began building a socialist system.
• It sent shockwaves across the world, influencing other communist movements.
• But it also triggered a brutal civil war in Russia (Reds vs. Whites) over the future of the country.

10. After the Revolution

• Land redistributed to peasants.
• Banks and industries nationalized.
• Russia exited WWI via the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918).
• Civil War (1918–1920): Bolsheviks (Reds) vs. anti-Bolsheviks (Whites).
• Bolsheviks won and formed the USSR in 1922.

10. After the Revolution – Explained

Land Redistribution to Peasants

• The Bolsheviks implemented the Decree on Land in 1917.
• Land owned by:

• The nobility, church, and Tsar’s family
• Was seized without compensation

• It was redistributed to peasants, fulfilling one of their major demands.
• This gained Bolsheviks massive support in rural areas.

Nationalization of Banks and Industries

• Private banks were abolished—merged into a single state bank.
• Major industries (coal, steel, transport, etc.) were nationalized:

• Now controlled by the state, not private owners.
• Workers’ committees initially managed factories but were later replaced by centralized control under Bolsheviks

• The goal was to build a state-controlled socialist economy.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 1918)

• Lenin wanted “Peace at any cost” to stabilize Russia and consolidate Bolshevik power.
• Signed with Germany and the Central Powers:

• Russia withdrew from WWI, ending their involvement.
• But had to give up huge territories, including Ukraine, Finland, and Poland.

• This was deeply unpopular, but Lenin saw it as necessary for survival.

Russian Civil War (1918–1920)

• Two main sides:

• Reds: Bolsheviks, supported by workers, peasants, and Red Army.
• Whites: Anti-Bolsheviks—former nobles, Tsarist officers, liberals, and supported by foreign powers (e.g., Britain, France, USA).

• The conflict was:

• Brutal and chaotic, with millions dying from war, famine, and disease.
• Marked by atrocities on both sides

• Bolsheviks emerged victorious, largely due to:
• Unified leadership (Lenin, Trotsky).
• Control of central, industrial regions.
• Divided and disorganized opposition.

Formation of the USSR (1922)

• In the aftermath of the civil war:

• Bolsheviks solidified control over former Russian Empire territories.
• Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was officially formed on December 30, 1922.

• USSR became the world’s first socialist state, with:
• One-party rule.
• A planned economy.
• Suppression of opposition.

11. Lenin’s Reforms

• Introduced the New Economic Policy (NEP):
• Allowed some private trade and small businesses.
• Revived the economy after war and famine.

11. Lenin’s Reforms – The New Economic Policy (NEP)

Why Was NEP Introduced?

• After the Russian Civil War (1918–1920), the economy was in ruins:

• Agricultural production collapsed due to war, drought, and forced grain requisition.
• Industry halted, factories were damaged or abandoned.
• There were massive food shortages and widespread famine (especially in 1921).

• Lenin realized the need to temporarily retreat from pure socialism to revive the economy.

What Was the NEP?

Announced in 1921, the NEP stood for New Economic Policy, and it introduced a mix of socialism and limited capitalism:

Results and Impact

• Agricultural production rebounded— farmers were motivated to grow more.
• Trade and markets revived, especially in cities.
• Goods reappeared in shops, and urban life improved.
• The NEP created a new class: the Nepmen—entrepreneurs who made profit under the policy.

Though seen as a “strategic retreat” from communist principles, Lenin viewed it as a temporary fix to restore stability.

Controversies

• Hardline communists opposed NEP, calling it a betrayal of socialism.
• It widened inequality, as some Nepmen grew rich while others remained poor.
• Still, Lenin insisted: “We are taking one step backward to take two steps forward.”

12. Global Impact

• Inspired communist movements worldwide.
• USSR became a model for socialist states.
• Sparked ideological conflict with capitalist nations (leading to the Cold War later).

12. Global Impact – Explained

1. Inspired Communist Movements Worldwide

• The success of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia electrified radicals across the globe:
• It showed that workers and peasants could overthrow powerful elites and reshape society.
• Communist and socialist parties in countries like China, Germany, Italy, Spain, and India grew stronger.
• Inspired revolutionary uprisings, like:
• German Revolution (1918–19)
• Chinese Communist Revolution (Mao Zedong later led in 1949)
• Cuban Revolution (Fidel Castro, 1959)

The message was clear: the dream of a classless society no longer had to stay theoretical—it had become real in the USSR.

2. USSR Became a Model for Socialist States

• The Soviet Union (USSR), formed in 1922, became:

• The first large-scale socialist state in history.
• A template for future communist nations.

• Many newly independent countries after WWII, especially in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, looked up to the USSR’s:
• Central planning model.
• Emphasis on industrial growth and education.
• Rejection of colonialism and Western capitalism.

The USSR also supported international communist movements, offering training, funding, and ideological backing.

3. Sparked the Cold War – Ideological Conflict

• The world split into two blocs:

• Capitalist (led by the USA).
• Communist (led by the USSR).

• Each side:

• Saw the other as a threat to global peace and freedom.
• Tried to influence new nations during decolonization.

• Key outcomes:
• Formation of NATO (1949) and Warsaw Pact (1955).
• Proxy wars like in Korea, Vietnam, and Afghanistan.
• Space race, arms race, and constant tension between the superpowers.

This global rivalry, known as the Cold War, lasted from the late 1940s to the early 1990s.

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